Militia in the War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Volunteer army in the War of 1812 - Essay Example What's more, numerous on the western front accepted that Britain was associated with Native Americans in the assaults upon pilgrims Encounter appeared to be unavoidable, and incidental with an announcement of war was the way that the vast majority of the political force dwelled in the South and the West; similar individuals who were on edge to do battle with Britain were additionally the ones whom the president expected to help him in the thing was, pursuing all, the time of the presidential political race. War was practically sure under these conditions. That doesn't mean, in any case, that the American states were set up for war. Numerous creators concur that the constitution was dreadful of making a huge standing armed force, and thus depended upon the residents to shape civilian armies in the midst of emergency: The real standing armed force was little, with the Office of the Chief of Military History ascertaining that military at around 11,744 men. As an outcome of this modest number, the protection of the US was dependant upon civilian army armed forces raised by the states. The same number of the volunteer armies held by singular states were disrupted and riotous, Numerous states needed to reproduce their local army without any preparation once war was proclaimed in June 1812. Hence, one reason why various states had distinctive civilian army was incompletely dependant upon the condition of this military before 1812: where the local army was in decent shape, the state could prepare these units viably; where they had fallen into deterioration, the 1812 volunteer army was generally poorly prepared and sick prepared. How these local army were made and kept up was a lot of dependant upon the individual states. A significant number of them were against these raised armed forces being detracted from their condition of root, as a decree by the Governor of Vermont in 1813 illustrates: It shows up, that the third brigadeof civilian army of this state, has Been requested from our outskirts to the barrier of a neighboring Statewhereby our very own broad segment wilderness is left, In a measure, unprotected, and thegood residents thereof are put In incredible risk (Chittenden, 1813) The central governments were reluctant to put huge quantities of their men at the removal of the National government, and particularly, they would not like to see their soldiers moved out of their region so as to shield another state. There were different reasons why government states may be reluctant to set up enormous local armies. While a large number of the Western states needed the war, states, for example, New England really agreed with England, and Massachusetts Governor Caleb Strong even endeavored mystery arrangements with England with a planfor New England to withdraw from the Union (Lutins, 2007). So the second purpose behind contrasts in the local army is the distinctions in help (or scarcity in that department) for the war. Both of these reasons were additionally collaborating with the incredible issue which the United States had with governments, which is the hesitance of the States to concede power

Othello †Race and Stereotypes

Othello’s race doesn't conspicuously affect his death, despite the fact that Shakespeare addresses the issue of race, the purpose behind Othello’s downfall lies elsewhere. In any case, the claims of race legitimately lead to its heartbreaking consummation. Sentiments of deficiency and doubt without question help in the disaster. The way that Othello’s skin shading is significant adjusts the translation of the catastrophe inside the play. The bigotry spoke to in Othello isn't just about an example of biases and prejudgments made by a horde of individuals against another, however in certainty has significantly more unobtrusive and decimating results, explicitly, that it is multiplied by the unfair segment of society, yet in addition by the objective of this segregation. In spite of the fact that Othello didn’t at first approve any of the cliché characteristics that specific individuals named him with, he started adjusting to them as he began to question himself. By going to the presumption that he is in a racially sub-par position, Othello battled in managing the generalizations properly, along these lines just expanding his own battle with his race. On the off chance that Othello didn’t have such mediocre complex and rather encapsulated confidence, the contention could never have climbed. As opposed to labeling the play Othello as against supremacist or a biased play, there is a generous exercise that can be scholarly. From a racial point of view, the disaster uncovered the ground-breaking results that racial contrasts can produce when related to one’s individual self-question. With Iago’s controls the ideas of race were incited for Brabantio, Rodrigo, and Othello, initiating any smothered racial partialities and self-question. It appears glaringly evident that Iago has solid sentiments of individual deficiency and is envious and angry of the adoration shared among Othello and Desdemona. Nonetheless, Iago’s rationale is by all accounts more than that. I thought his contempt was from his very own disappointment, yet when he becomes lieutenant he is as yet troubled and goes for the all out pulverization of Othello’s life. In this way, I attempted to perceive what it resembles to place my feet in Iago’s shoes, to feel his disdain and obviously interface what the play is about. It at that point hit me that through Iago’s decisions Othello is â€Å"the Moor† and ought to in this manner represent the normal thought of a field, which isn't deference, self-esteem, and fortune; it is one of disconnectedness and reliance. At the point when he says that â€Å"nothing can or will content his spirit/Till he is leveled with the Moor, spouse for wife† (Act 2: Scene), he implies that he is fulfilled until Othello’s ife is made equivalent with his including sentiments of insufficiency and desire, which are on the whole characteristics fitting to a â€Å"moor†. All through the play Iago redundantly utilizes disparaging comments when talking about Othello so to support certain individuals in the play to suffer prejudice and affirm that it was the standard. All things considered, some of Iago’s semantics uncover his own biases. For instance, Iago just alludes to Othello as a â€Å"Moor† except for when he alludes to Othello as the â€Å"black Othello† (Act 2: Scene 3). Iago despises Othello since he is â€Å"the Moor† yet doesn't represent the normal job of what is thought of to be a dark man during circumstances such as the present. There is neither explanation nor rationale behind his scorn, yet oppression one only from time to time has reason, for it is typically silly reasoning. Iago is an away from of what bigotry is and will legitimize his unreasonable contemplations with anything, similarly as Iago adds to Brabantio and Rodrigo’s thinking behind their activities and Othello’s purposes behind carrying on his vulnerabilities and self-question at last prompting his end and an inside and out catastrophe.

Blog Archive MBA News Bloomberg Businessweek 2014 Rankings Released, Duke Fuqua Now at Number One

Blog Archive MBA News Bloomberg Businessweek 2014 Rankings Released, Duke Fuqua Now at Number One Bloomberg Businessweek has just released its 2014 ranking of full-time MBA programs, and some people may be surprised at certain schools’ new standings. For this survey, schools are ranked according to a myriad of factors, including recruiter marks (employers’ opinions of a program’s graduates) and enrolled student survey responses. This year’s results certainly show a few major shakeups. Duke Fuqua, which ranked sixth in both 2012 and 2010 (up from eighth in 2008) knocked long-standing first-position holder Chicago Booth from that coveted spot (it is now ranked third). Perhaps even more notably, Harvard Business School (HBS), which has held steady at number two since 2008, dropped to eighth and failed to make the top five for the first time in list history. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, Duke Fuqua graduates received high ratings from recruiters who tend to hire large numbers of MBAs. The school’s dean was quoted as saying, “To be a great leader, you need to be great in a team setting, and I think that’s where we get credit from employers.” As for HBS’s surprising six-spot drop, on the other hand, Bloomberg Businessweek claims that a major reason for the perennial favorite’s decline is “the perception that the school caters to elites while neglecting women and minorities.” Other notable position shifters are Columbia Business School, which moved from 13th in 2012 to fifth this year; UCLA Anderson, which advanced from 18th to 11th; and the Yale School of Management, which rose significantly (15 spots!) from 21st to sixth. The current top 20 is as follows: (visit the Bloomberg Businessweek Web site for the full list): Duke Fuqua UPenn Wharton Chicago Booth Stanford Graduate School of Business Columbia Business School Yale School of Management Northwestern Kellogg Harvard Business School Michigan Ross Carnegie Mellon Tepper UCLA Anderson UNC-Chapel Hill Kenan-Flagler Cornell Johnson MIT Sloan Dartmouth Tuck Indiana Kelley Maryland Smith Emory Goizueta UC-Berkeley Haas UVA Darden Share ThisTweet News

Breast Cancer The Most Common Form Of Cancer - 1384 Words

This paper will inform you of Breast Cancer. It is the most common form of cancer in women today but thanks to medical advances it is no longer the number one killer of women. The medical world has made some huge advances in diagnosing breast cancer and because of that, it has given women everywhere a fighting chance. Even with Breast Self-Exams (BSE) and Mammography it is still prevalent today. I will take you through the journey from finding the first lump, diagnosis, therapy, and finally the outcome. I have interviewed real women and families of women about their path with this disease and how it affected them. It has been an honor to research this subject and in doing so, taught me a lot. The Facts About Breast Cancer Breast cancer will affect 1 in 8 women in the United States over their lifetime and about 1 in 1,000 in men. (BreastCancer.org 2016). This cancer affects women more than any other cancer, with the exception of lung cancer. Although these numbers have remarkably decreased in the last 20 years, it is still a threat today. Even with women preforming BSE, mammograms are vital in finding lumps when all other symptoms are not seen. Signs and Symptoms There is still no known cause of breast cancer and as previously thought, you don’t have to have a family history of it. It is important for a person to know what to watch for. Typical signs and symptoms are as follows: lump or thickening inside breast tissue or in axillary area, swelling, warmth or redness,Show MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : The Most Common Form Of Cancer937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Cancer is the most common form of cancer found in women in the United states and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Although it is more common in women, men can also develop breast cancer as it forms through cells in the breast. As stated by the cancer center of America â€Å"The milk-producing ducts and glands are the two most likely areas to develop cancerous cells.† This is why it is most common in females, as males lack the ducts and glands that women have making them moreRead MoreLeah Wyrick. Ms. Basinger. Ap Language And Composition.1685 Words    |  7 PagesLeah Wyrick Ms. Basinger AP Language and Composition 12 May 2017 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. On a positive note, however, significant advances have beenRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Disease1737 Words   |  7 PagesWyrick 1 Leah Wyrick Ms. Basinger AP Language and Composition 12 May 2017 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. On a positive note, however, significant advancesRead MoreHuman Epidermal Growth Factor ( Her2 )1153 Words   |  5 Pagesepidermal growth factor (HER2) is a specialised protein that has the ability to control the growth and spread of certain cancers. Breast cancer is defined as HER2 positive (HER2+) when there is an extremely high level of HER2 receptors present within the cancerous tumour of the breast tissue (Macmillan, 2013). 1.2 Aims and objectives This report aims to give an overview on breast cancer focusing on the HER2+ sub-type of the disease; it includes an overview of aetiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology,Read MoreEssay On Being Cautious About Cancer758 Words   |  4 PagesBeing Cautious About Cancer An informative article by: Nelson Burke Introduction Disease is defined as a disordered or incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body resulting from the effect of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poisons, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity, or unfavorable environmental factors; illness; sickness; ailment. Simplified, disease is when something goes wrong with the body of an organism due to either a genetic, or externalRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer’s a group of cells that are cancer cells called malignant. Malignant is a tumor, which starts in parts of the breast. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women but not as bad of a death for men. Males or females, are born with some breast cells and tissues that have the possibility to turn into cancer cells. (â€Å"Definition.†) Any type of cancer begins in the cells. The cells are the basic building blocks that’ll make the tissue. If the process of cell growth goesRead MoreBreast Cancer Prevention and Education Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Cancer Society, â€Å"Breast cancer is the common disease of women in the United States, other than skin cancer.† After lung cancer, it is the leading secondary cause of cancer death in women. It helps to have some basic facts about the normal makeup of the breasts to understand breast cancer. In the past, this disease was one of the most feared forms of cancer due to its fatality rate and because complete recovery often required breast removal. The best way to fight this diseaseRead MoreOverview of Breast Cancer Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesIf you or a loved one were diagnosed with breast cancer, how would you feel? You would probably feel very afraid and worried. Breast cancer is a common and potentially deadly form of ca ncer that affects both men and women. There are risk factors for getting the disease and there are different types of treatment for people who have been diagnosed with the disease. There are also steps that people can take to try to prevent getting breast cancer or at least catch it early. Luckily there are manyRead MoreOncology and Breast Foundation Essay example1072 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer affects one in eight women during their lives. Breast cancer kills more women in the United States than any cancer except lung cancer. No one knows why some women get breast cancer, but there a number of risk factors. Risks that you cannot change include+++++++etc. Other risks, which you can change, include being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy, taking birth control pills, drinking alcohol, not having children or having your first child after age 35 or having denseRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries can

Aristotle s Theory Of Aristotle - 1629 Words

Aristotle Exam Similar to the teachings of his mentor, Plato, Aristotle’s philosophy finds its answers to major questions from the perspective of the teleological worldview. In the very first sentence of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle introduces his teleological world view by asserting that every activity is aimed at a telos, or end, and how men move from potency to act. Aristotle then proceeds to outline his argument using the Teleological approach as he tries to answer the question: â€Å"what is happiness?† However, he answers it not by explaining what happiness is, but rather how to attain it and live â€Å"the good life†. Aristotle begins his argument by describing the first step on his road to attaining happiness, which involves man as he finds himself. At this stage, man is in a state of what Aristotle calls â€Å"potency†. In order to understand Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, one must first understand his definition of potency and how man progresses from potency to act. Potency embodies the potential of a thing, as in the case of an acorn; it has not yet grown at all, but it has the potential, or potency, to grow. Potency is also often referred to as capacity in Nicomachean Ethics. On the other hand, act is the end of the movement from potency. However, the act is dependent upon the directions that were taken in the process of moving from potency to act. For example, that same acorn when moved properly into act will grow into a healthy oak tree; however, it is just asShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Virtue2685 Words   |  11 PagesEpictetus and Aristotle in Practice Mankind has been searching for existential reasoning since our earliest beginnings. One of the biggest questions, the one that keeps me up at night, â€Å"How ought we to live?† will be explained from the viewpoints of Epictetus in his Enchiridion and Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics. In this paper, I will discuss both philosophies in principle and practice, while giving insight to how to they may function in a modern world situation. Although both theories have usefulRead MoreAristotle s Theories Of Aristotle729 Words   |  3 PagesAristotle’s Theories Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 384 B.C in Stagira, Northern Greece. At an early age he went to study at Plato’s Academy. Aristotle was the student of Plato. However, Aristotle’s scientific approach was much different than Plato’s. Aristotle was known as teacher to famous Alexander the Great. Later on Aristotle opened his own school, the Lyceum at Athens. Aristotle is an important image because he is the father of Science. Aristotle had many contributionsRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics , agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Moral Theory3135 Words   |  13 Pagesis a reputable temperament for deliberate and free conduct of the proper sort. In providing the central concept of a morally adequate lifestyle, such concept of a state of character or virtue is essential in the fulfillment of morality. To which, Aristotle states throughout Nichomachean Ethics, as well as other philosophers, is the question of moral philosophy, not simply how one is to be conducted and be perceived in life, but how one is to become readily disposed so that such actions are viably possibleRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Happiness1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmental and physical health. Every person wants to experience true happiness throughout his/her life. Nevertheless, everyone is suffering finding sustainable happiness. Aristotle, in his work called Nicomachean Ethics, presents the concept t hat living a virtuous life will produce sustainable happiness for a lifetime. According to Aristotle, everything we do aims to some goods, or ends, and for him, the best good would be happiness. Additionally, he mentions that happiness is not easy to defined, someRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Nature Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pageselements(Physics 84a. 14-15). To exhibit we have knowledge of a specific subject matter we have to display and vocalize the contributing components that describe the subject. Aristotle titles these principles, causes and elements as previously listed.Therefore, the knowledge of nature must arise with questioning principles. Aristotle contends that only the elements and principles can be revealed once going from the proclaimed universal to the particular(Physics 184a.24). This paper will examine the particularRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Philosophy1904 Words   |  8 Pagessupported them through various means. Aristotle is one of the most famous example s of a philosopher that does exactly that. Though mainly the influence was on the ancient world, his theories have a wide variety and assortment that has been an extreme influence on generations of philosophers even today. Aristotle’s efforts were able to answer questions that had been within the minds of Greeks for centuries! For a few examples, reality is explained through his theories as well as if it changes from ourRead MoreThe Theory Of Aristotle s Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pages Similar to Heraclitus, Aristotle finds that everything is in a constant state of flux. For Aristotle flux, or movement, is dependent on something acting on the thing that is being moved, the mover. Thus, in Aristotle’s Physics we are first introduced to the topic of the unmoved mover: that which moves without being moved, also formally known as the Prime mover. Historically this theory has resulted in a monotheistic concept that has been advanced not only by Aristotle, but also thinkers such asRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Truth1904 Words   |  8 PagesEver since the beginning of time, humanity has had an insane infatuation towards knowing and pinpointing the truth. For truth provided that sense of reassurance and acceptance that a belief and/or theory adequately did. Truth clarified outrageous beliefs, proved others wrong and gave the gift of certainty. Ironically, however, the word â€Å"truth† itself is difficult, vague and quite puzzling to define, although it c ould very well be the difference between life and death, innocence and guiltiness. LikeRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Atomos Theory2534 Words   |  11 Pageswhich in greek meant ‘indivisible/ uncuttable’. However this idea was rejected in favour of another philosopher, Aristotle, whose theory was that all matter was made up of 4 elements, fire, water, air and earth. For thousands of years Democritus’s Atomos theory was only believed to have been speculation, until the early 1800’s when an english chemist named John Dalton who used the theory of atomos or atoms to explain why elements always reacted in small ratios of whole numbers and how water absorbs

Essay on Emmies Crush - 1770 Words

Maka stood beside the bed, taking a deep breath. Emmie was dead asleep, if she didnt get up soon, theyd be late. Emmieeee! Get UP! she finally yelled, shacking her shoulders. Huh! Whut? Emmie said, opening her eyes. Were going to be late for school. Hurry up! Maka said, glad she had forced Emmie to take a shower last night incase this came up. I thought I still was going though remediation classes, Emmie said, yawning. No, you finished them yesterday, and since my dad knows Lord Death pretty well, he got your information to him just in time. Youre officially a student at the DWMA! Maka said, smiling at the thought. Emmie had come to live with them just after the last school year had ended and spent the summer with them,†¦show more content†¦Maka went to the side of the school building, and sitting at two tables where two people Emmie had never seen. They seemed to be playing some sort of game on the picnic bench, the boy with death white skin and dark black hair with three lines on half of his hair seemingly winning. Unfair! the boy with spiky blue hair yelled, grimacing. It is fair, prophylactic is a real word, the black haired boy said, smiling. Taking a second look, Emmie realized that the boy with black hair was more of a man then boy. He was obviously older then the blue haired boy, or Maka and herself. Kid, playing that word! Come on, I thought your dad taught you better then that! Maka said, laughing. He did teach me well, thats why I know that word. Though an unintended pregnancy is the least of my concerns, but a disease could kill me. Hes rather me be well prepared as it is, the black haired boy replied, obviously Kid. Emmie blushed as she realized what they were talking about. From her health class back at her old school she remembered that prophylactic was a barrier method of birth control, a male or female condom. Well, anyway, this is Emmie, the girl whos been living with me since the beginning of summer. The one who was just talking is Kid. Sorry about our conversation, but hes always been a brother to me, so we can get into odd conversations to say the least, Maka said and

Importance Of Yin

Importance Of Yin-Yang Essay This symbol, known as the Tai Chi Chu symbol, or Yin-Yang symbol has itsroots in ancient Chinese cosmology. The original meaning of yin andyang is representative of the mountainsboth the dark side and the brightside, or the contrasting shaded and sunlight slopes of the mountain. These twowords can possibly be traced back to the Shang and Chou Dynasty,(1550 1050BC). But most scholars credit the Yin and Yang to the Han Dynasty(206B.C.-A.D. 220). At this time, The Yin Yang School was founded by Tsou Yen. It combines the ancient philosophy of the 5 elements: wood, fire, earth, metal,water; and combined them into a cosmology of cyclical movements. The arrangementbetween the two poles forms a cycle of movement or the meaning of change. Inrelationship to the elements, wood and fire belong to the yang, and water andmeter to yin. Earth belongs to both yin and yang because it assists both. Theyin and yang only represent opposite poles NOT good or evil. You might ask whatrole the Yin and Yang play in everyday life. Well, as you can see, the Chinesepicked up on this many years ago. The ideas behind Yin and Yang developed byobserving the physical world. It was observed that nature appears to group intopairs mutually dependent opposites. For example, the concept of night has nomeaning without the concept of day. Americans picked up on the connection, butnever truly tried to name it. Yin and Yang are just opposites. I believethats were the saying, Opposites attract, originated from. Chinesebelie ved that in any situation, that without the positive and the negative therecould never be a whole. Because you want get a perfect fit. There are so manyexamples that can be explained, examples that have never truly been thoughtthrough or examined. For instance, a magnet has a South Pole and a North Pole. Putting two south sides or two north sides together is impossible, but if youput the north and south together, you form a whole. A joining together of theopposite poles. Another example would be a person riding a bicycle. If a personriding a bicycle wants to go somewhere he/she cannot pump on both pedals at thesame time or not pump on them at all. In order to go somewhere he/she has topump on one pedal and release the other. So the movement of going forwardrequires this oneness of pumping and releasing. This oneness ofthings is a characteristic of the Chinese mind. In the Chinese language, wordsare even looked on as a whole because their meanings are derived from eachother. For example, the Chinese character for good and the Chinesecharacter for not good, when combined together will reflect the quality ofsomething (whether good or not good). Likewise, the Chinese character for long and the Chinese character for short, when brought together meanlength. All these examples show us that everything has a complementarypart to form a whole. Without one it is impossible to have the other. Inclosing, I believe that most human beings live their life according to thesaying, Dont sweat the small stuff. Small stuff meaning things thatreally dont serve a purpose in everyday life. Daily we become even moreblinded by the big picture instead of seeing the beauty in things that wenormally dont care about. Being at one with yourself and your surroundingscould be a wonderful experience, but not many are willing to take that step.

Blue Doors and Nose Rings free essay sample

When I was younger and I lived just a few blocks from school, I always walked there. It wasnt very far and to this day, I remember every road I took. One especially stands out in my mind. It was a long street with a strip of garages, the doors all a rusty red or brown. Except for one: it was blue. Not the shade that brings images of an infants bedroom, but a bright, dashing blue that called out to every passerby, â€Å"See me!† I did. Passing it every day made it a familiar landmark, and over time a friend. Eventually, I gave it a smile and a silent wave on my daily journey. I moved away when I was 12 and never returned. I dont know if that garage door is still blue, if anyone else waves at it anymore. What happened to its owner. I wonder what possessed him or her to paint that door blue instead of brown like the rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Doors and Nose Rings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wonder the same thing whenever I see someone with unearthly pink hair or extra-large tattoos. What makes people want to stand out? Some would say insecurity, that the girl with three nose rings who laughs loudly at everything is really a shaken child inside. But how would they know? Is she really? Or are they just jealous that they never had the kind of courage to be the pink-haired person? I think a part in all of us wants to paint our doors blue. To make a sixth-grader  ­wonder who you are. I know I do.

Sdlc for Food Ordering System Essay Example

Sdlc for Food Ordering System Essay Example Sdlc for Food Ordering System Paper Sdlc for Food Ordering System Paper Introduction Generally, as it was mentioned in our first assignment, we supposed to choose any organization and try to develop an accurate system for it. We chose â€Å"Taktaz Restaurant† which serves Iranian traditional foods as our target and decided to develop an â€Å"online food ordering system† for it. We use Structured Analysis Method, which is time-tested and easy to understand method, as our system developing technique. Structured Analysis uses a series of phases, called the system development life cycle (SDLC), to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system. In the first assignment we asked to concentrate on the first two phases of SDLC, planning and analyzing. In this assignment we are going to do last three phases, which are design, implement and support. The most important parts of these three phases that we are supposed to do in this assignment are as following: a. Output and user interface design b. Data design – ER Diagram c. System architecture d. System implementation (system prototype) – specify the hardware, software and platform used. e. System support maintenance Output Design Types of output In the system design phase, we will create the actual forms, reports, documents and other types of output. During this process we must consider the format and how it will be delivered, stored and retrieved. 1. Internet-Base Information Delivery Output In our information system we used internet-base information delivery as the output type. To support our online food ordering system, we have provided user-friendly screen interfaces that display output and accept input from customers. Customers visiting the site can check available food items and their prices in our menu, then can register for online ordering. 2. Screen Report Output Our information system also provides daily reports for Taktaz manager. To be useful, a report must include the information that a user need. Our system provides daily detailed reports in two categories: i. Total amount of daily orders ii. Total number of daily orders grouped by different customers’ name The examples of our system detailed report are shown in following. Total amount of daily orders Total number of daily orders grouped by different customers’ name As you can see, our system detailed report provides total for numeric fields. It also adds tax percentage to total selling amount for giving better estimation. The report also have auto incremental control field to controls output. User Interface Design Although output design involves a separate set of physical design issues, it is a part of the user interface (UI). User interface describes how users interact with a computer system and consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output and features that affect two-way communications between the user and the computer. Our customers through the website will work with a varied mix of input, output and, indirectly, date queries as they perform ordering process. Because all those tasks require interaction with the computer system, the user interface is a vital element in the systems design phase. It is important to design a user interface that is easy to use, attractive and efficient. To achieve these goals we have used following rules: 1. Focusing on basic objectives According to this rule, we tried to create a simple design that is easy to learn and understand. We aimed to design a logical and attractive layout as well. 2. Building an interface that is easy to learn and use. Based on this rule, we only used images that users can understand easily, to dentify icons. We also made it easy to return to any level in our menu structure system. 3. Minimizing input data problems We provided data validation checks and event-driven message and reminders as you can see in below sample from our system screen shot. 4. Providing feedback to users According to this rule, we made all of our feedback messages specific, understandable and professional. We a lso displayed messages on top of the screen and follow consistency every time. 5. Designing an attractive layout To satisfy this rule we tried to fulfill following guidelines in layouts of our system. Use appropriate colors to highlight different areas of the screen. Use hyperlink that allows user to jump to related topics. Group related objects and information by using similarity and proximity principles of Gestalt Theory. When the user enters data that completely files the field, don’t move automatically to the next field. We asked users to confirm the entries by pressing ok icon and tab key at the end of every fill-in field. User Interface Controls We include many control features, such as: menu bar or command button text box drop-down list box Date design Basic understanding of data design concepts includes data structure and the characteristics of file processing and database system which including web-based database design, will help the system analyst to come out with good and fulfilled information system. A data structure is a framework for organizing and storing data in an information system. Typically it contains files or tables that are linked in various ways. These files or table is data all about people, places, things or events that interact with the information system. A file processing system or more known as a file-oriented system, stores and manages data in one or more separate files. While, a database system consists of linked tables that form one overall data structure which offers great flexibility and efficiency in processing data. Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of tools, features and interfaces that enable users to add, update, manage access and analyze the contents of a set of data. Data manipulation language is one of DBMS component which controls database operations, including storing, retrieving, updating and deleting data. Moreover, the complete definition of a database together with descriptions of all fields, tables and relationship, is called a schema. A subschema is a view of the database used by one or more systems or users and typically classifies only those portions of the database that a particular system or user needs or is allowed to access. Data dictionary ‘empprofile’ Table This table supposed to store information about the staff of Taktaz. If the value for â€Å"active† column of this table become ‘a’, then the proposed staff can log in as an administrator. ‘foodmnu’ Table This table stores data of available foods in the food menu. ‘order’ Table This table contains data of the ordered items. ‘userprofile’ Table This table stores information of registered customers. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database. To design a system it is necessary to uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database The entities for our system would be customers, order, bill, inventory and kitchen. The relations the attributes are shown in the following ERD diagram. Use Case Diagram Use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The users of our system are customers, manager, kitchen staffs IT supporters. According to our systems point of view we can implement a use case diagram as given below. System Architecture System architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system. The system architecture includes seven issues which are as follow: 1. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) 2. Initial and total cost of ownership (TCO) 3. Scalability 4. Web Integration 5. Legacy system interface requirements 6. Processing options 7. Security issues The Taktaz Restaurant had no online reservation or ordering system for customers, so to have such a system, we are required to design completely a new online system (or a website). The first step was to analyze the system which the restaurant was working for. Everything in Taktaz, buying the ingredients , preparation ,ordering and delivery process, was done manually. We needed to have the owner’s idea about the old system and the expectation of the new system. By knowing a clear idea of the future system, we started to design an online food ordering system that fulfilled the restaurant requirement and expectations. Developing a new system has its own cost and we, as designer should have deal with it. The desire system and design must be cost-effective to the owner and also to us to design, operate and perform the system. Also the maintenance cost should be noticed in the designing stage. The new system should be flexible enough so that the users (restaurant’s owner and staff) can easily work with it and if needed, make some changes in it, expand, change or even downsize to meet the changing needs of the business. We tried to consider all of the above mentioned issues in the designing the system. However, some of them needed and took much more time than the others. For instance, to perform scalability or the last mentioned issue, we must interview with the owner and staff of the restaurant to get their idea and expectation of the oncoming system and then, we could interpolate those ideas to the system. As a designer, we should consider many more issues in the developing of the system. First of all, we should notice how user friendly the website will be. In a project, especially in online ordering, it is extremely important that how user deal with the website, whether the user can use and access the different section of the website in the first attempts or not. It was one of our main concerns. The administrator section also was one of our concerns. This section, which is the management section, must be designed in a way that the manager (or website controller) can easily work and modify the system. The website should be as simple as possible so that the first time users can easily understand how to work with it. Also it must be as easy to use as possible for administrator to manage the ordering website. We should design a system with a minimum number of errors. To achieve it, we should first accurately analyze the requirements and expectations of the restaurant’s owner and after gathering all different information, and then we start to design a website. Designing of the website needed to be looked from two perspectives: as administrator and as customer. Obviously a website with many errors is not a comfortable website for neither of both users. From the password protection to billing the order, security threats and defenses were a major concern to us. As analysts and designers, we should consider and determine how the business (restaurant) will deal with the security threats. Users (usually customers), they put their personal information and details in the system. So they must do it trustfully and have no doubt about the security of the system. Our System Architecture Diagram is coming in below. System Architecture Diagram System Implementation Prototyping produces an early, rapidly constructed working version of the proposed information system. Prototyping, which involves a repetitive sequence of analysis, design, modeling and testing is a common technique that we used to design our system. Our system is being run on windows as its Platform. In addition, since it is based on the internet connections, the Network Card must be installed and used. A KEY must be defined and generated for security purposes and boot strap to prevent entering any unauthorized parties and any viruses and worms. We used PHP and our IDE is Dreamviwer. For our database we use MySQL. System Support Maintenance System support maintenance is the modification of the system. We have to correct faults, improve system’s performance and adapt the system to environment and requirements changes. The objective of our maintenance is to keep our system always running at an acceptable level. Corrective maintenance diagnoses and corrects errors operational levels. In this type of maintenance we will try to correct Design errors, Coding errors and Logic errors. Applying the Corrective maintenance can be helpful to avoid probable bugs and to fix logic errors. . In our project, which is Online Food Ordering System, the first step of support maintenance is to ensure that the issues related to programming and coding are correctly run. Debugging and troubleshooting can be the second step. The coding is the most important part to check especially when you are dealing with financial issues related to ordering. Therefore, we must be sure about the correctness of all functions and modules in our coding and proper connection with database to store and retrieve data. In addition to the software hard ware must also be checked regularly. Adaptive maintenance adds enhancements to an operational system and makes the system easier to use. Adaptive maintenance entails changes related to our applications operating environment. These modifications cam consist of Incorporating new operating systems, Hardware configuration changes, Regulations Localizations alterations and Changes in data format. As our system goes on we need to enhance our system with new features, capability and functions in response to new technology. Adaptive maintenance in our system is related to update new features. For example, adding new meals or recipes to the current menu, can ensure the capability of our system. Also when we need to upgrade or add new functions to the system we need to apply the adaptive maintenance. Perfective maintenance involves changing an operational system to make it more efficient, reliable or maintainable. Perfective maintenance can improve maintainability and performance. It involves computer programmers who work to improve the way software program functions or how quickly it processes requests. For example to change our menu layouts, command interfaces for some functions or changing the number of daily orders. The other maintenance type which is useful for our system is preventative maintenance. In this kind of maintenance we try to predict and avoid probable problems before occurring . For example, to ensure that our system is scalable to have more customers in the future, we must check if our system is able to handle high data loading and other stressful operations without problem or we need to limit the number of daily orders to avoid problems. Installing antivirus software to protect our system from attacks, having a regular backup schedule to use it when something wrong goes with the system, are also examples of preventative maintenance that we can apply simply for our system. Appendix Perform research on the Internet to learn more about Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and develop a TCO checklist that includes the five most important elements of TCO. Relate your answers to your Assignment 2. (Please put this analysis as appendices in Assignment 2 report). Total cost of ownership (TCO) generally includes ongoing support and maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs. TCO totally formed from two different types of cost, which are Direct and indirect costs. Direct costs can be measured in dollars. These costs result from a decrease in expenses, an increase in revenues or both. If we want to list the most important elements of direct costs for an information system, the list would be as following: 1. Hardware and software (capital and lease expenses) In our project, because we do it in-house and we didn’t pay for hardware or software, this part didn’t add any cost to our TCO. 2. Support ( maintenance, training, travel etc) In this project, our group members have done all SDLC phases based on their knowledge gain from SAD course and have used their background knowledge for programming parts. Therefore, we didn’t pay for training. But, there are some costs for transportation and traveling to and from Taktaz restaurant which is placed in Serdang. 3. Development Because we did the whole project in-house with our group members, we didn’t pay any extra fees for labors or out-sourcing. 4. Communication fees The biggest part of our project costs, was communication fees which we paid to contact our group members in each phase of SDLC. Indirect costs are difficult to measure in dollars but are important and need to consider as a part of TCO. The most important indirect costs in our project are indicating in below. 1. User time User time cost is the cost of users supporting themselves and each other instead of out-sourcing costs. Costs for user formal training, casual learning, and self-studies are included in user time cost. We needed to learn some issues mostly related to programming part by ourselves during the project. 2. Opportunity cost The highest valued alternative that we need to forego when we are doing our project is part of opportunity cost or downtime cost . lost wages can be a measurement for this kind of costs.

Simple staining and Gram staining Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Simple staining and Gram staining - Lab Report Example Microbiology is a branch of biology which is considered vital in bringing a profound understanding of microorganisms and how they effect and react on other living organisms. Microbes are tiny organisms that can only be seen with an aid of a microscope. The tiny nature of microbes has revolutionized the use of stains to aid in having a vivid and transparent picture of microbes under microscope (Ryu 60). Because the bacterial cell is transparent, motile and difficult to see when using microscope, cells are stained to make them more visible. Staining tends to provide a reliable and clear means for observing bacteria’s morphology, relative size, and cellular arrangement. Gram staining and simple staining are the ultimate procedures that were used. 1. Place a loopful of culture into a test tube consisting of sterile distilled water so as to make a suspension of bacterial cells on the water. Place that bacterial suspension on a clear or clean slide. This will give room for the bacteria to air dry. 2. Heat fixing the bacteria cells by passing the slide quickly over the flame (Bunsen burner) three or four times, ensuring that the glass surface is exposed to the flame. Ensure that the slide is not so hot to be uncomfortable when touch. Simple stains allow us to distinguish the ultimate shape (morphology) of the mounted bacteria. Bacillus Subtillus and E. coli turned out to be rod-shaped. Many bacilli tend to occur singularly, but in some cases, chains are also observed. Bacilli are greatly in diameter and length. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are spherical (cocci). They may culminate singularly, in clusters such as Staphylococcus aureus or others in pairs such as Streptococcus pneumonia. R. rubrum was observed to be a curved bacterium (spirillum). It culminates singularly. The bacteria that stains blue is considered to be a Gram-positive while the bacteria that stains pink is considered to be Gram negative.

Introduction to Geography - Food and Climate Assignment

Introduction to Geography - Food and Climate - Assignment Example According to Moneo & Iglesias (2004, par. 2), â€Å"climate is one of the main factors which controls what natural resources we have and is an important element of sustainable development. Agriculture and water resources are intrinsically linked with climate†. In Asia for example, known for countries enjoying a tropical climate, the staple food is rice. This applies to countries such as Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, among others. Rice has been known to grow in tropical countries with lots of high temperatures the whole year round concurrent with a well defined rainy season, conducive to planting rice. Aside from rice, tropical countries are conducive to producing fruits such as pineapple, mango, banana; legumes; root crops like potatoes, cassava and yams, among a host of other foods. These crops like warm weather with intermittent rain. In the United States, where geography and climate differ across various regions, food production likewise varies depending on climatic conditions. The CIA World Factbook (2010) described the climate in the USA as â€Å"mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains†. As such, the major crops produced are corn, soybeans, hay, wheat, and sorghum (EPA, 2009). Foods in midlatitude climates such as those coming from Colombia are mostly coffee, banana, sugarcane, and other staple crops like â€Å"rice, beans, cassava, potatoes, barley, corn, and wheat† (US Library of Congress, n.d., para. 10). Corn is also considered a staple crop together with wheat and barley which is adaptable to a climate in higher grounds. The moist continental climate in regions such as Japan have foods such as â€Å"rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit.  Ã‚  

Leadership styles and the behaviour styles

Leadership styles and the behaviour styles Leadership is the behavior of an individual when he/she is directing the activities of a group towards a common purpose.  [1]  A leader is seen as someone who sets the paths in an effort to influence people to adhere to those paths. Leadership is an action and not just a position. It can be shown via different people in various situations. A person is not born to be a leader but cultured through the upbringing and environment. A leaders personal characteristics are also vital for the developments and motivations of the organizations. True leaders such as the teachers who illustrated that leadership is an action (teaching and leading the students) and not a position. Touching the lives and affecting the outcome of many different expectations, a teacher is the epitome of a leader. A leader has his or her own style of motivating the people in the organizations. A leader must find the best skills in order to provide directions, motivations and purposes. Effective leaders are flexible. Organizational Leadership Model The effective leadership influence is not the same for everyone. It depends on their ranks in the organization and abilities which are required in leaders. The three basic leadership roles identified: initiation, speech, and management. 1. Initiation Initiation refers to planned decision making on policy formulation or structural change. These vital decisions are the determinants of the organizations culture and mission. 2. Speech Strategic decisions and methods designed for implementation within the establishment. It includes adjusting or adding on to the present structure towards new policy demands. 3. Management Management is putting into practice the policies and measures that are available to maintain the operations of the organization efficiently. These three kinds of Leadership are naturally executed at diverse ranks in the company with different abilities and skills. The top level management would initiate new policies that involve a change in the businesss structure or understanding the companys mission. An understanding of the entire organization, culture, mission, vision and how it correlates with the external parties is mandatory for these top level individuals. They represent the organization and what the business stands for. Understanding the policy decisions and practicing them to the existing organization via utterance or speech is usually made by the intermediate-level managers. They must uphold a two-way point of reference by taking orders from the above management and adapting them for the lower groups of people in the organization. Type of Leadership Process Typical Organizational Level Cognitive (Knowledge) Affective (Emotion) Initiation: Change, creation and elimination of structure Top echelons System perspective Charisma Speech: supplementing and piecing out of structure Intermediate levels: pivotal roles Subsystem perspective: two-way orientation Integration of primary and secondary relations: human relation skills Management: use of existing structure Lower levels Technical knowledge and understanding of system of rules Concern with equity in use of rewards and sanctions EXHIBIT 16.1 Three Leadership Patterns, Their Location in the Organization, and Their Skill Requirements  [2]   The companys policies and procedures will be administered by the Lower-level supervisors. These personnel must possess both the technical knowledge and a clear perception of the organizations rules in order to be successful. They have to continually deal with issues such as equity, rewards and punishments in leading others. Therefore, leadership plays a crucial role in an organization because the it has direct impact on the effectiveness of the organizations. Leadership is when a person manipulates others to perform a task at their own will which they would not normally do. Leadership is a vital process to an organization and it can be deliberated on three different stages; i.e. the individual, group and organization. Analysis at the individual stage: the leadership studies have paid attention on the successful leader personalities. Behaviors of both formal and informal leaders are focused at the group level. The effectiveness of an organization is decided by the relations between the leader, follower and circumstances. The studies have caused an emergence of different theories of leadership, namely situational and contingency. In Search for Leadership The requirements in selecting and training efficient leaders were emphasized during the World War I and the quarter century between World War l and World War II; numerous studies were made to examine the personal characteristics of good leaders. These studies are usually referred as characteristic studies since the primary goal was to classify the traits and personal characteristics of successful leaders. The diverse methods used to study these leadership traits could possibly be the reason in the irregularities of the results. The manner of studies was not consistent in identifying the leaders. A majority of the studies was in comparing efficient with inefficient leaders or leaders with non-leaders. Some were identified by external observers, others selected by the group by way of recommendation or voting, nominated by observers such as teachers while some were chosen because they are already in leadership positions. The studies conducted were in conflict as to the way they deliberated on the traits. Some traits were measured by mental tests; others relied on viewers to spot the traits they have seen while some depended on the persons to report their own personality traits. The trait studies were quite unsatisfactory as a whole especially since they had hoped to develop an accurate measure of leadership effectiveness. The spotlight on the leadership research moved because of the flimsy results, to contingency studies which investigated more than just traits of a leader. Numerous traits formed an important divergence in leadership effectiveness and they interrelated with other conditional variables to stimulate the effectiveness of the leader. Physical Behaviors Physical attributes including height, weight, health and appearance are also examined in the studies. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the above features and leadership. Apparently leaders have the tendency to be taller, heavier, better fitness, greater physique, higher energy output and more attractive in appearance. However, these types of results were not always reliable and consistent. The results neither are too weak in general and not consistent to be effective in selecting leaders nor are they helpful for training functions since not much can be made to alter most of these physical traits. Intellect It was generally agreed that leaders are more intellectual than non-leaders and the relationship was shown in the various studies. The relationship could probably begin from the reality that leadership functions depend mostly on success in problem solving. Leadership roles such as initiation, speech and management necessitate great mental ability. In general, it is safe to assume that leaders seems to be more intelligent than non-leaders but the relationships are small. Many other variables other than intellect inspire leadership effectiveness. It was also suggested that leaders should not be too intelligent than the group because associates who are notably brilliant than others are rarely chosen as leaders since the other members tend to snub them. Individuals with high IQs are inclined to have different sets of vocabulary, networks and aspirations that would create communication and inter-relations problems. Leaders do extremely well generally at school/college/university and score better grades. It is important for effective leadership to know how to do things. Thus general and practical knowledge are essential for leaders to make better decisions. Characteristic Traits Only a partial of the characteristic traits seem to be related to leadership and most are not especially convincing. It was suggested that the average leader is more social, has greater initiative, is more persistent, smart in getting things done, highly self-confident, cooperative, adaptable to situations and possesses excellent communication skills.  [3]  Leaders were found to be more emotionally mature than non-leaders in the personality integration or emotional adjustment. It can be concluded that personal characteristics are related to leadership. Effective leadership does not depend on a mixture of personality traits only because situational variables are also important since they always decide whether a character was associated with effective leadership either positively or negatively. Therefore, it can deduced that effective leadership depends on the leaders characteristics, his subordinates and the nature of the task at hand. Many leadership styles were based on studies of leaders behaviors. The finest researches on the styles of leadership are made together at the same time; i.e. The Ohio State University and the University of Michigan. Researchers acknowledged two leader behaviors that were similar although the investigations were conducted separately. As a result, a two dimensional aspects of leadership have been to used to form the Managerial Grid  [4]  . Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire  [5]  Leadership Due to the diverse political systems in the US and Germany before World War II, studies of leadership have been inspired which evaluated three styles of leadership: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez faire. In the democratic leadership style, decisions were made by vote of majority; equal participation encouraged; criticism and punishment minimal. In the autocratic leader, the leader made all the decisions and others must follow the set procedures strictly. In the laissez-faire leader, there was minimal actual leadership and others were permitted to work and play as usual without proper directives. Initiating Structure and Consideration The two leadership factors were initiating structure and consideration which include leadership behaviors in organizing and defining the tasks to be performed and goal achievements. A leader who assigns people to do specific jobs, expected workers to follow set routines and meet deadlines. The consideration factor is friendliness, showing trust, exhibiting warmth and concern for followers. Production-Centered and Employee-Centered Leader Behaviors Production centered behaviors were akin to initiating structure in which leaders would establish targets, gave directives, checked on operations and planned the group Employees work. Centered behaviors were similar to the considerations dimension in which the leader would develop a caring personal relationship with the subordinates and encouraged a two-way communication with them. The relationship between production-centered and employee centered behaviors are found to be independent scopes of leadership. A leader with strong production orientation does not mean that he is disinterested in the employees. Managerial Grid  [6]   Robert Blake and Jane Mouton had created a framework which relates task accomplishment to concern for people called the Managerial Grid. They both assumed that concern for production and concern for people would produce the most effective leadership style. There are leaders primarily more concerned with accomplishing the production and task not concerned about people. This person wants the job done and schedule followed at all costs. There is also individual who is not concerned whether the group produces anything but concerned more about the personal needs and interests of the team members. Ideally, leaders should be concerned about meeting schedules in order to get the work done and simultaneously are concerned about the team members interest and feelings too. The Managerial Grid  [7]  is popular among managers. It is extensively used by organisations as part of their training program to assess leadership style. However, the effectiveness of the Managerial Grid is not consistently supported. The factors which are considered in determining leadership styles interact in complicated ways which resulted in various leadership styles. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP In assessing leadership effectiveness, there are many factors that must be combined. A situational leadership model developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard considers three variables: (1) guidance and direction provided by the leaders (task behavior) (2)emotional support given by the leader (relationship behavior) (3) the maturity level exhibited in performing the task As a result, four potential leadership styles have been created using a combination of the above factors : S1: Telling Give instructions and supervise performance closely. Suited for followers who are unwilling but of low maturity. S2: Selling Decide and provide opportunity for explanation. Appropriate for followers who are not able but willing. S3: Participating Sharing ideas in making decisions. Suited for followers who are able but not willing. S4: Delegating Responsibility handed over for decisions and performance. Appropriate for groups who are able and willing. Contingency Theory of Leadership Fiedler studied the interaction of leadership style and situation. He identified and developed ways to measure leadership orientation of the leader and situational factors which influence leadership. Leader Orientation Two types of leaders were identified, i.e. relationship-oriented or task-oriented. Leaders who are relationship-oriented tend to look at others as coworkers and look upon interpersonal relations as a requirement towards accomplishing the task. However, for task-oriented leaders, they react strongly against people whom they could not get along with in performing a task. Situational favorableness (1) relationships between leader and member can be good or bad; (2) the task is relatively well planned or not; and (3) the leaders authority is relatively strong or weak. The task structure becomes the second most important situational variable based on evaluation of four aspects of the task structure. Clarity: whether requirements of the tasks are stated clearly, Multiplicity: which the problems encounter can be solved. Verifiability: which the correctness of the decisions can be ascertained. Specificity: which there are generally more solutions involved in performing the task. Group effectiveness Relationship-oriented leaders perform excellently well in situations where concern for the team members is apparently necessary in order to motivate them to perform well. People naturally prefer leaders who care about them and their welfare. However, task-oriented leaders are clearly more effective in impossible situations. Path-Goal Model Directive leadership: subordinates are told what to be expected. Specific guide, standards and work schedules are provided to ensure that task are performed as expected. Supportive leadership: subordinates are treated equally and show concern for their needs and well-being; develop pleasant interpersonal relationships among the group members. Achievement-oriented leadership: challenging goals are set and subordinates are expected to perform at their highest level, improvement in performance always. Participative leadership: subordinates are consulted on suggestions and ideas in making decisions. Situational factors Characteristics of the followers and environmental factors which affect leadership style are called situational factors. Significant characteristics of the followers which have been identified as determinants of leadership style are: (1). Followers with internal locus of control believe that they are rewarded for their own effort. Meanwhile, followers with external locus of control believe that external forces have a control on their rewards. (2). Authoritarianism: an individuals willingness to accept the influence of others. (3). Abilities: The followers ability and experience influence a leader whether they are able to work with an achievement oriented leader or a supportive leader who are patient enough to provide encouragement and instruction. The path-goal model recognises three environmental factors which effect leadership styles: the nature of the task to be performed, the existing organisations authority system the organisational norms and dynamics The above factors may influence the effectiveness of various styles of leadership in a many ways. Normative Decision-Making Model of Leadership Based on the contingency theory of leadership, this leadership model does not assume any leadership style as appropriate for all situations. Leaders must develop a range of leadership styles and take on the most appropriate style depending on the situation. Leaders are required to know in which circumstances they need to consult others and vice versa. Even though the leader may be the chairman of the group, he is just one of the group members and does not try to influence the group to adopt a particular solution. Criteria for selecting a leadership style. Two criteria used for assessing the efficiency of a leadership style are quality and acceptance. The quality of the decisions made refers to the accurateness of the actions taken and the extent which some objectives are achieved. The quality of decisions depends on accurate and relevant information Conferring with other group members often provides additional information. Diagnostic decision rules. In order to save time and minimize costs, some managers choose the lead autocratically. If the aim was to further the subordinates personal development, the participative style is selected. In some strategies, the manager decides alone. At times, the manager decides on his own after earlier consultations with his subordinates. Comparing the leadership models. All situational leadership models emphasize on the effect of external factors on a particular leadership style. Different leadership styles suggest styles that are determined by various situational factors. The models focus on different methods, which are situational factors and criteria for selecting the best style: task-oriented versus relationship-oriented. The normative decision-making model ascertains three leadership styles, namely autocratic, consultative, and participative. In each model, situational factors which influence the effectiveness of leadership are somewhat different. A significant reason which contributes to this is that normative decision- making model likens leadership to decision making and considers only this aspect of the leadership function. The model also uses different criteria for evaluating leadership effectiveness. DETERMINANTS OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS Although identifying what makes an effective leader seems like a simple task, however, individuals who are in leadership positions are often faced with a dilemma on deciding which leadership pattern to practice. Choosing a Leadership Style Choosing the most appropriate leadership style to adopt depends largely on the context of the organisation. A successful leader must be capable of assessing the situational forces in the organisation and respond accordingly to the needs. The forces include the organisation culture, business goals as well as the organisations strategic plans. Effective leaders must understand themselves, the group, company and social environment. Strategies for Improving Leadership One of the main variable to improve leadership relates largely to the organisations reward system. Leaders should not overlook his capacity to reward his followers accordingly since followers will respond otherwise. For instance, the managers of high- performing groups generally are compensated according to their achievements. Considerate leaders manage to create satisfaction among their performing subordinates while at the same time, changes in the behavior of the leaders could be caused by the performance of the subordinates. Constraints on leader behavior. Leaders have limited opportunities to influence others. Leadership effectiveness is inhibited by a variety of factors. For example, the managerial decisions are planned ahead due to factors such as organisational structure, state and federal law, technological specifications and innovations as well as the absence of other alternatives. Many other organisational factors can impose limitations on the leaders capability to communicate with subordinates or reinforce their behavior towards achieving the organisational purpose. For example, organisational policies, nature of task, skills and abilities of available resources and other external factors may impede the capacities of organisational leaders. External factors. In terms of external factors, leaders are constrained by factors that they have no control on such as state and federal laws. Other external factors include the world economy and global issues. Irrespective of their leadership style, leaders with unskilled resources will face great challenges in leading. The availability of skilled followers is subjected to the external labor market. Organizational policies. The organization may limit a leaders effectiveness by hampering the amount of communication between leaders and followers. The existing company policies may also pose restrictions on the ability of leaders to reward or punish followers. Group factors. Leaders may find it hard to penetrate or influence group members who are highly unified. This will create difficulty for leaders to demonstrate his true capabilities in performing tasks for the organisation. Individual skills and abilities. The leaders own skills and abilities may become their constraints because leaders can only possess limited expertise, energy, and power. Some situations may need greater amount of skills, experience and capabilities compared to what the leader may possibly have. Substitutes for leadership. Leadership is an extremely important function. It has an enormous influence on the value of organizations, especially in a business environment. However, in complex situations, we may not know exactly which leadership behaviour will be the most effective to adopt. In addition, certain situations warrant that leadership may be unnecessary subordinates. SUMMARY 1. Leadership is the increasing influence which occurs when an individual manipulates others to do tasks voluntarily which they would not do otherwise. The basic leadership roles include initiation of policy and structure, speech, and management. Leadership is required within organizations to provide direction to employees towards a common organisational objective. 2. The studies of leadership were mainly studies on traits that tried to identify the characteristics of effective leaders. The studies focused mainly on physical traits, intellect and characteristic. The results were usually weak and inconsistent although some personal characteristics were always related to leadership. Most studies concluded that apart from behaviour characteristics and traits of the leader, the nature of subordinates and the type of task to be performed were as equally important to determine success. 3. Another approach to studying leadership set on leader behaviors; i.e. how leaders actually behave. One of the studies compared three leadership styles: authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire. Democratic leadership produced the greatest satisfaction among subordinates while autocratic leadership style encouraged high level of productivity in the organisation. 4. Research conducted simultaneously at two different universities identified two groups of similar leadership behaviors. At The Ohio State University, researchers identified these two leader behaviors as initiating structure and consideration. At the University of Michigan, the similar two factors were called production-centered and employee-centered. These two leader behaviors seem to relate leadership functions which are essential to the effectiveness of a group. A matrix named Managerial Grid had been formed based on these two factors. The Managerial Grid correlates the concern for production and the concern for people in identifying leadership effectives. 5. As a result of unsuccessful researches conducted to identify superior leadership behaviors, four situational theories of leadership were developed instead. Theories have suggested that the effective of leadership style depends largely upon situational factors, especially nature of the group and the task to be performed. 6. A situational leadership model that matches various combinations of task and relationship behaviors with maturity of the subordinates. As the number of followers increases, the appropriate leadership style that should be employed would be telling, selling, participating and delegating. 7. Three situational variables are used to assess the most appropriate leadership style. The variables are the relationship between leader and members (good or bad), the task (structured or unstructured) and the strength of the leaders power. Based on findings, the most effective leadership style when these three variables created an extremely favorable or unfavorable situation is task-oriented leadership. However, a leader with a high concern for interpersonal relationships is most effective when there were intermediate levels of favorableness. 8. The path goal model theory is derived from expectancy theory. It suggests that effective leaders must clarify the paths to attract followers. Based on this theory, the directive, supportive, achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles emerged. The most appropriate leadership style is dependent on two types of situational factors: characteristics of followers as well as the internal/external environment. Three significant characteristics of follower are the locus of control (internal or external), authoritarianism and personal capabilities. The three environmental attributes are nature of the task to be performed, the existing organisational authority system and norms and dynamics of members. 9. The three leadership styles identified are autocratic, consultative and group decision making. Determining which style is most appropriate depends largely on several factors such as considerations whether adequate information is made available to the leader when making decision alone, whether the goals of the organisation are acceptable by the subordinates, orwhether the followers accept decisions made without their involvement. 10. Members of the group also has a reciprocal influence on the leader. Group member can influence the behavior of their leaders by responding selectively to specific leader behaviors. The power and influence of a leader can also be limited due to certain external factors such as policies of the organisation, norms of the group members as well as the skills and abilities of followers. POSITIONING ON LEADERSHIP CRISIS Many leadership theories have been in existence as more people tries to determine the most effective leadership style available. Arthur G. Jago (1982)  [8]  had proposed a framework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorys focus and approach. However, effective leadership also depends on specific situations. There are various kinds of behavior that leaders can display to its followers. The two leader behaviors that have been consistently identified are called production-centered and consideration-centered activities. A person can change his or her behaviour without being forced based on the amount of influence exerted by another individual. I concur with A. Ange on the presence of leadership crisis but I also foresee the resolutions taken and are still being taken to resolve the problem. Many organizations are spending money in sending their employees to be groomed and trained for future growth of the company whereby they are exposed to different methods of management and how to be great leaders. Leaders are born to leaders but in some circumstances, situations and environments also play a huge role in creating a leader. Leaders come and go and new ones are always on the threshold to take over the empty space. The qualities of the leaders and their leadership styles vary but they are vital in the development and motivation processes of the organizations. There is a crisis in good leadership but it is not at a critical point. Big organizations would have everything in place for the future growth of the company and would have in line the replacements for all aspects of the management. Even is small to medium sized organizations have planned their management line-ups for the future. The ongoing programs and trainings that are conducted by organizations to produce capable leaders and groom them further showed that companies are aware of the could be crisis and had taken steps to overcome the situation. Yes, there is a crisis but the severity of the crisis is not huge enough to cause panics throughout the organizations.

The Women of Homer’s Odyssey Essay -- Homer The Odyssey Essays

The Women of Homer’s Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚   Homer’s Odyssey, by, is typically seen as a male dominated poem: the hero is male and the majority of the characters are male.   We follow the men on their attempt to return to Ithaca.   However, even though women are not the main characters, they are omnipresent through much of the story.   Women play a very important role in the movement of the story line: they all want to marry, help or hurt Odysseus.   During the course of his journey, Odysseus meets three different women who want him to be their husband: Circe, Calypso, Nausicca, and finally one woman who is his true wife: Penelope. Each of these women has a profound effect on Odysseus journey home.   Yet, even though these women are much more powerful than ordinary Greek women are they still carry some semblance of the "good female" in Greek society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Circe, though not the first female we meet in Odyssey, is the first woman Odysseus meets on his journey home from the Trojan War. She is no ordinary woman!   She is not kept separate from men outside of her oikos as proper women are supposed to be (Pomeroy 21).   Good Greek women are to be chaperoned by a male member of their oikos whenever they are in the presence of strange men. "The visitor to the Greek house would meet only the male members of the family; when strangers were in the house t... ...r husband and they all attempt to accomplish this in different ways.   It is interesting to see that even though there are numerous men in the story the women seem to weld power over Odysseus' journey: holding him hostage or letting him go according to the various women.   The fact that all the women are depicted as slightly evil (save Penelope, of course) seems to give evidence to the fact that Greek men are wary of the power of unconfined, unchaperoned women. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: 1996 Kebric, R.B. Greek People. 2nd ed. London: 1997. Pomeroy, S.B. Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece. New York: 1997.

Banner Advertisement

The constant development of product in the market and the continuous innovation of technology have required or opened a new opportunity for the marketers to advertise their products to the target consumers. Today, the convenience of technology is being used not only for learning and entertainment, but also for selling products in the market. Today, banner advertisement or sometimes called as ‘web banner’ is one of the most effective ways of reaching the customers anywhere in the world.Just like other forms of marketing channels, banner ad has the ability to influence the consumers’ behavior and persuade them to buy the products that the society can see on the internet. However, the sudden decision of the customers to buy the product after seeing it on screen makes banner ad most effective among other marketing communications. Unquestionably, E-commerce is one of the products of technology. The evolution of technology has influenced the marketers as well as the con sumers to find other ways of selling and purchasing.Nowadays, online marketing has been the most efficient way for the marketers in reaching their consumers and even the potential customers of the products that are being offered in the market. Effective E-Marketing Campaign Effective online marketing does not depend on the appearance of the banner ad on the internet. Although e-commerce is efficient because it has the capability of reaching the market at any given time does not mean that the marketers should disregard the other important factors of marketing.Proper evaluation and marketing research are also done in order to have a successful business and appropriate profit at the same time. Thousands of products are already advertised online and many of them have succeeded in gaining customers awareness and loyalty and are even able to expand the business by targeting more markets and penetrating more countries. However, the convenience of using the internet for marketing requires g ood concepts with appealing and persuading effects to the buyers.In other words, functionality and design are both important in online marketing, but the strategies should still be present in order to reach the expectation of the company. Even though banner ads have been accepted in the society today, the company should still consider other factors that may affect the products, the consumers’ behavior, and the company itself. Some people prefer online shopping, some rarely browse the net to search for the product that could be bought in the market, and some are just being influenced by the appearance of the web banner.Consumers’ behaviors are not being considered only by the large manufacturers; in fact, online marketing can also be risky because the business firms may not be able to reach the expectation of other segments in the market. Creativity in making web banners is important in getting the attention of the online shoppers. Some of the banner ads are too colorfu l and filled with animation while some appeared to be very simple. The design of the banner ads may be based on the product category or company’s technique in attracting the potential buyers.As marketers, observing the banner ads of other products online may give them an idea on how are they going to execute the web banner of their products. It does not mean imitating the concepts of other companies, rather getting an idea on which banner ads have the most effective online campaign and which ads did not attract their attention while browsing the net. It is also necessary that the company knows what message they would like to convey to the online shoppers. The banner ads should contain not only the image of the product but also the significance and the brand’s unique selling proposition to get the attention of the market.Controlling the file size should also be considered by the online marketers in creating the web banners. Online campaign should consider the functional ity of technology in advertising their products. Some banner ads do not reach the anticipation of the marketers because they fail in the market. In other words, the web banners are often ineffective regardless of its good colors and animation. Huge banner ad does not guarantee a successful business for the company. Sometimes bigger ads have the bigger problems in appearing online because of its file size and loaded graphics and design (King, 2009). Efficiency of Banner AdsMany companies have already reached a high level of success in the marketplace with the help of e-commerce. While some companies were able to expand their businesses, some on the other hand have failed despite the excellent promises of online marketing. Undeniably, marketing is another great opportunity for the companies in the market. Aside from having the opportunity to gain an appropriate market share, they are able to work with technology and conform to societal changes at the same time. This new technique of a dvertising is now considered as most efficient and least costly marketing communication.The accessibility of computer has created a positive impact to both marketers and consumers. With each click, the marketers are able to gain profit and the consumers are able to shop without taking up too much time and effort. The flexibility of internet is an advantage for business transactions making the cycle of marketing easier and faster. Aside from having the order in just few clicks, the company is also able to measure the effectiveness of their online campaign. Through this technique, marketers may improve the banner ads or replace them if the company noticed that it is no longer effective (Superpages.com). The images of banner ad on the net help the company in gaining brand recognition from the consumers. The web banner has the ability to leave a trademark on the consumers’ minds and even encourage the customers to buy the product that is being advertised. Although banner ads can give the customers only limited information, many marketers and consumers are still relying on its efficiency (Warren, 2009). On the other hand, a web banner still promises great opportunities of product growth and business expansion. References King, J. (2009). 10 Tips for Creating an Effective Banner Ad Campaign.Microsoft Small Business Centre. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://www. microsoft. com/australia/smallbusiness/themes/sales-and-marketing/10_tips_for_creating_an_effective_banner_ad_campaign. mspx Superpages. com. (2007). Advantages of Online Marketing. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://advertising. superpages. com/learning/advantages-of-online-marketing. shtml Warren, S. (2009). Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Marketing. Ezine Articles. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Advantages-Disadvantages-Of-Inte

Short-Term Memory Loss in Finding Nemos Dori - 625 Words

The beloved Disney movie Finding Nemo features both a colorful underwater landscape and a psychologically diverse cast of characters. From the obsessive Bubbles (a fish obsessed with bubbles) and Gurgle (the germophobic fish at the dentists office), to the shark trio that refuses to eat fish, and the confused Deb, who thinks her reflection is actually her twin sister, Flo, most of the characters in the movie seem to exhibit some sort of quirky condition. Nemo himself has a physical disability (his â€Å"lucky fin†) that he learns to overcome in order to develop self-confidence. Marlin also exhibits anxiety and trust issues, which he overcomes throughout the course of the movie. One of the main characters, Dory, has a specific disability that she must learn to adapt to in order to complete her journey: short-term memory loss. Dory is perhaps the most beloved character in Finding Nemo because she has such a big heart and radiates optimism despite (and possibly because of) her st ruggles with short-term memory loss. When we first meet Dory, she clumsily swims into a frantic Marlin, who is searching for his recently lost son. Dory agrees to help him look, but while leading Marlin to where she last saw a boat, she forgets what she was doing and mistakes Marlin for a stalker, quickly becoming defensive, much to Marlin’s confusion. Luckily she understands and explains to him that she has a condition called short-term memory loss, which she claims runs in her family