Blog Archive MBA News Bloomberg Businessweek 2014 Rankings Released, Duke Fuqua Now at Number One

Blog Archive MBA News Bloomberg Businessweek 2014 Rankings Released, Duke Fuqua Now at Number One Bloomberg Businessweek has just released its 2014 ranking of full-time MBA programs, and some people may be surprised at certain schools’ new standings. For this survey, schools are ranked according to a myriad of factors, including recruiter marks (employers’ opinions of a program’s graduates) and enrolled student survey responses. This year’s results certainly show a few major shakeups. Duke Fuqua, which ranked sixth in both 2012 and 2010 (up from eighth in 2008) knocked long-standing first-position holder Chicago Booth from that coveted spot (it is now ranked third). Perhaps even more notably, Harvard Business School (HBS), which has held steady at number two since 2008, dropped to eighth and failed to make the top five for the first time in list history. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, Duke Fuqua graduates received high ratings from recruiters who tend to hire large numbers of MBAs. The school’s dean was quoted as saying, “To be a great leader, you need to be great in a team setting, and I think that’s where we get credit from employers.” As for HBS’s surprising six-spot drop, on the other hand, Bloomberg Businessweek claims that a major reason for the perennial favorite’s decline is “the perception that the school caters to elites while neglecting women and minorities.” Other notable position shifters are Columbia Business School, which moved from 13th in 2012 to fifth this year; UCLA Anderson, which advanced from 18th to 11th; and the Yale School of Management, which rose significantly (15 spots!) from 21st to sixth. The current top 20 is as follows: (visit the Bloomberg Businessweek Web site for the full list): Duke Fuqua UPenn Wharton Chicago Booth Stanford Graduate School of Business Columbia Business School Yale School of Management Northwestern Kellogg Harvard Business School Michigan Ross Carnegie Mellon Tepper UCLA Anderson UNC-Chapel Hill Kenan-Flagler Cornell Johnson MIT Sloan Dartmouth Tuck Indiana Kelley Maryland Smith Emory Goizueta UC-Berkeley Haas UVA Darden Share ThisTweet News

Breast Cancer The Most Common Form Of Cancer - 1384 Words

This paper will inform you of Breast Cancer. It is the most common form of cancer in women today but thanks to medical advances it is no longer the number one killer of women. The medical world has made some huge advances in diagnosing breast cancer and because of that, it has given women everywhere a fighting chance. Even with Breast Self-Exams (BSE) and Mammography it is still prevalent today. I will take you through the journey from finding the first lump, diagnosis, therapy, and finally the outcome. I have interviewed real women and families of women about their path with this disease and how it affected them. It has been an honor to research this subject and in doing so, taught me a lot. The Facts About Breast Cancer Breast cancer will affect 1 in 8 women in the United States over their lifetime and about 1 in 1,000 in men. (BreastCancer.org 2016). This cancer affects women more than any other cancer, with the exception of lung cancer. Although these numbers have remarkably decreased in the last 20 years, it is still a threat today. Even with women preforming BSE, mammograms are vital in finding lumps when all other symptoms are not seen. Signs and Symptoms There is still no known cause of breast cancer and as previously thought, you don’t have to have a family history of it. It is important for a person to know what to watch for. Typical signs and symptoms are as follows: lump or thickening inside breast tissue or in axillary area, swelling, warmth or redness,Show MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : The Most Common Form Of Cancer937 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Cancer is the most common form of cancer found in women in the United states and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Although it is more common in women, men can also develop breast cancer as it forms through cells in the breast. As stated by the cancer center of America â€Å"The milk-producing ducts and glands are the two most likely areas to develop cancerous cells.† This is why it is most common in females, as males lack the ducts and glands that women have making them moreRead MoreLeah Wyrick. Ms. Basinger. Ap Language And Composition.1685 Words    |  7 PagesLeah Wyrick Ms. Basinger AP Language and Composition 12 May 2017 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. On a positive note, however, significant advances have beenRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Disease1737 Words   |  7 PagesWyrick 1 Leah Wyrick Ms. Basinger AP Language and Composition 12 May 2017 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. On a positive note, however, significant advancesRead MoreHuman Epidermal Growth Factor ( Her2 )1153 Words   |  5 Pagesepidermal growth factor (HER2) is a specialised protein that has the ability to control the growth and spread of certain cancers. 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Simplified, disease is when something goes wrong with the body of an organism due to either a genetic, or externalRead MoreBreast Cancer Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages Breast cancer’s a group of cells that are cancer cells called malignant. Malignant is a tumor, which starts in parts of the breast. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for women but not as bad of a death for men. Males or females, are born with some breast cells and tissues that have the possibility to turn into cancer cells. (â€Å"Definition.†) Any type of cancer begins in the cells. The cells are the basic building blocks that’ll make the tissue. If the process of cell growth goesRead MoreBreast Cancer Prevention and Education Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Cancer Society, â€Å"Breast cancer is the common disease of women in the United States, other than skin cancer.† After lung cancer, it is the leading secondary cause of cancer death in women. It helps to have some basic facts about the normal makeup of the breasts to understand breast cancer. In the past, this disease was one of the most feared forms of cancer due to its fatality rate and because complete recovery often required breast removal. The best way to fight this diseaseRead MoreOverview of Breast Cancer Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesIf you or a loved one were diagnosed with breast cancer, how would you feel? You would probably feel very afraid and worried. Breast cancer is a common and potentially deadly form of ca ncer that affects both men and women. There are risk factors for getting the disease and there are different types of treatment for people who have been diagnosed with the disease. There are also steps that people can take to try to prevent getting breast cancer or at least catch it early. Luckily there are manyRead MoreOncology and Breast Foundation Essay example1072 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer affects one in eight women during their lives. Breast cancer kills more women in the United States than any cancer except lung cancer. No one knows why some women get breast cancer, but there a number of risk factors. Risks that you cannot change include+++++++etc. Other risks, which you can change, include being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy, taking birth control pills, drinking alcohol, not having children or having your first child after age 35 or having denseRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries can

Aristotle s Theory Of Aristotle - 1629 Words

Aristotle Exam Similar to the teachings of his mentor, Plato, Aristotle’s philosophy finds its answers to major questions from the perspective of the teleological worldview. In the very first sentence of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle introduces his teleological world view by asserting that every activity is aimed at a telos, or end, and how men move from potency to act. Aristotle then proceeds to outline his argument using the Teleological approach as he tries to answer the question: â€Å"what is happiness?† However, he answers it not by explaining what happiness is, but rather how to attain it and live â€Å"the good life†. Aristotle begins his argument by describing the first step on his road to attaining happiness, which involves man as he finds himself. At this stage, man is in a state of what Aristotle calls â€Å"potency†. In order to understand Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, one must first understand his definition of potency and how man progresses from potency to act. Potency embodies the potential of a thing, as in the case of an acorn; it has not yet grown at all, but it has the potential, or potency, to grow. Potency is also often referred to as capacity in Nicomachean Ethics. On the other hand, act is the end of the movement from potency. However, the act is dependent upon the directions that were taken in the process of moving from potency to act. For example, that same acorn when moved properly into act will grow into a healthy oak tree; however, it is just asShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Virtue2685 Words   |  11 PagesEpictetus and Aristotle in Practice Mankind has been searching for existential reasoning since our earliest beginnings. One of the biggest questions, the one that keeps me up at night, â€Å"How ought we to live?† will be explained from the viewpoints of Epictetus in his Enchiridion and Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics. In this paper, I will discuss both philosophies in principle and practice, while giving insight to how to they may function in a modern world situation. Although both theories have usefulRead MoreAristotle s Theories Of Aristotle729 Words   |  3 PagesAristotle’s Theories Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 384 B.C in Stagira, Northern Greece. At an early age he went to study at Plato’s Academy. Aristotle was the student of Plato. However, Aristotle’s scientific approach was much different than Plato’s. Aristotle was known as teacher to famous Alexander the Great. Later on Aristotle opened his own school, the Lyceum at Athens. Aristotle is an important image because he is the father of Science. Aristotle had many contributionsRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics , agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Moral Theory3135 Words   |  13 Pagesis a reputable temperament for deliberate and free conduct of the proper sort. In providing the central concept of a morally adequate lifestyle, such concept of a state of character or virtue is essential in the fulfillment of morality. To which, Aristotle states throughout Nichomachean Ethics, as well as other philosophers, is the question of moral philosophy, not simply how one is to be conducted and be perceived in life, but how one is to become readily disposed so that such actions are viably possibleRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Happiness1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmental and physical health. Every person wants to experience true happiness throughout his/her life. Nevertheless, everyone is suffering finding sustainable happiness. Aristotle, in his work called Nicomachean Ethics, presents the concept t hat living a virtuous life will produce sustainable happiness for a lifetime. According to Aristotle, everything we do aims to some goods, or ends, and for him, the best good would be happiness. Additionally, he mentions that happiness is not easy to defined, someRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Nature Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pageselements(Physics 84a. 14-15). To exhibit we have knowledge of a specific subject matter we have to display and vocalize the contributing components that describe the subject. Aristotle titles these principles, causes and elements as previously listed.Therefore, the knowledge of nature must arise with questioning principles. Aristotle contends that only the elements and principles can be revealed once going from the proclaimed universal to the particular(Physics 184a.24). This paper will examine the particularRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Philosophy1904 Words   |  8 Pagessupported them through various means. Aristotle is one of the most famous example s of a philosopher that does exactly that. Though mainly the influence was on the ancient world, his theories have a wide variety and assortment that has been an extreme influence on generations of philosophers even today. Aristotle’s efforts were able to answer questions that had been within the minds of Greeks for centuries! For a few examples, reality is explained through his theories as well as if it changes from ourRead MoreThe Theory Of Aristotle s Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pages Similar to Heraclitus, Aristotle finds that everything is in a constant state of flux. For Aristotle flux, or movement, is dependent on something acting on the thing that is being moved, the mover. Thus, in Aristotle’s Physics we are first introduced to the topic of the unmoved mover: that which moves without being moved, also formally known as the Prime mover. Historically this theory has resulted in a monotheistic concept that has been advanced not only by Aristotle, but also thinkers such asRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Truth1904 Words   |  8 PagesEver since the beginning of time, humanity has had an insane infatuation towards knowing and pinpointing the truth. For truth provided that sense of reassurance and acceptance that a belief and/or theory adequately did. Truth clarified outrageous beliefs, proved others wrong and gave the gift of certainty. Ironically, however, the word â€Å"truth† itself is difficult, vague and quite puzzling to define, although it c ould very well be the difference between life and death, innocence and guiltiness. LikeRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Atomos Theory2534 Words   |  11 Pageswhich in greek meant ‘indivisible/ uncuttable’. However this idea was rejected in favour of another philosopher, Aristotle, whose theory was that all matter was made up of 4 elements, fire, water, air and earth. For thousands of years Democritus’s Atomos theory was only believed to have been speculation, until the early 1800’s when an english chemist named John Dalton who used the theory of atomos or atoms to explain why elements always reacted in small ratios of whole numbers and how water absorbs

Essay on Emmies Crush - 1770 Words

Maka stood beside the bed, taking a deep breath. Emmie was dead asleep, if she didnt get up soon, theyd be late. Emmieeee! Get UP! she finally yelled, shacking her shoulders. Huh! Whut? Emmie said, opening her eyes. Were going to be late for school. Hurry up! Maka said, glad she had forced Emmie to take a shower last night incase this came up. I thought I still was going though remediation classes, Emmie said, yawning. No, you finished them yesterday, and since my dad knows Lord Death pretty well, he got your information to him just in time. Youre officially a student at the DWMA! Maka said, smiling at the thought. Emmie had come to live with them just after the last school year had ended and spent the summer with them,†¦show more content†¦Maka went to the side of the school building, and sitting at two tables where two people Emmie had never seen. They seemed to be playing some sort of game on the picnic bench, the boy with death white skin and dark black hair with three lines on half of his hair seemingly winning. Unfair! the boy with spiky blue hair yelled, grimacing. It is fair, prophylactic is a real word, the black haired boy said, smiling. Taking a second look, Emmie realized that the boy with black hair was more of a man then boy. He was obviously older then the blue haired boy, or Maka and herself. Kid, playing that word! Come on, I thought your dad taught you better then that! Maka said, laughing. He did teach me well, thats why I know that word. Though an unintended pregnancy is the least of my concerns, but a disease could kill me. Hes rather me be well prepared as it is, the black haired boy replied, obviously Kid. Emmie blushed as she realized what they were talking about. From her health class back at her old school she remembered that prophylactic was a barrier method of birth control, a male or female condom. Well, anyway, this is Emmie, the girl whos been living with me since the beginning of summer. The one who was just talking is Kid. Sorry about our conversation, but hes always been a brother to me, so we can get into odd conversations to say the least, Maka said and

Importance Of Yin

Importance Of Yin-Yang Essay This symbol, known as the Tai Chi Chu symbol, or Yin-Yang symbol has itsroots in ancient Chinese cosmology. The original meaning of yin andyang is representative of the mountainsboth the dark side and the brightside, or the contrasting shaded and sunlight slopes of the mountain. These twowords can possibly be traced back to the Shang and Chou Dynasty,(1550 1050BC). But most scholars credit the Yin and Yang to the Han Dynasty(206B.C.-A.D. 220). At this time, The Yin Yang School was founded by Tsou Yen. It combines the ancient philosophy of the 5 elements: wood, fire, earth, metal,water; and combined them into a cosmology of cyclical movements. The arrangementbetween the two poles forms a cycle of movement or the meaning of change. Inrelationship to the elements, wood and fire belong to the yang, and water andmeter to yin. Earth belongs to both yin and yang because it assists both. Theyin and yang only represent opposite poles NOT good or evil. You might ask whatrole the Yin and Yang play in everyday life. Well, as you can see, the Chinesepicked up on this many years ago. The ideas behind Yin and Yang developed byobserving the physical world. It was observed that nature appears to group intopairs mutually dependent opposites. For example, the concept of night has nomeaning without the concept of day. Americans picked up on the connection, butnever truly tried to name it. Yin and Yang are just opposites. I believethats were the saying, Opposites attract, originated from. Chinesebelie ved that in any situation, that without the positive and the negative therecould never be a whole. Because you want get a perfect fit. There are so manyexamples that can be explained, examples that have never truly been thoughtthrough or examined. For instance, a magnet has a South Pole and a North Pole. Putting two south sides or two north sides together is impossible, but if youput the north and south together, you form a whole. A joining together of theopposite poles. Another example would be a person riding a bicycle. If a personriding a bicycle wants to go somewhere he/she cannot pump on both pedals at thesame time or not pump on them at all. In order to go somewhere he/she has topump on one pedal and release the other. So the movement of going forwardrequires this oneness of pumping and releasing. This oneness ofthings is a characteristic of the Chinese mind. In the Chinese language, wordsare even looked on as a whole because their meanings are derived from eachother. For example, the Chinese character for good and the Chinesecharacter for not good, when combined together will reflect the quality ofsomething (whether good or not good). Likewise, the Chinese character for long and the Chinese character for short, when brought together meanlength. All these examples show us that everything has a complementarypart to form a whole. Without one it is impossible to have the other. Inclosing, I believe that most human beings live their life according to thesaying, Dont sweat the small stuff. Small stuff meaning things thatreally dont serve a purpose in everyday life. Daily we become even moreblinded by the big picture instead of seeing the beauty in things that wenormally dont care about. Being at one with yourself and your surroundingscould be a wonderful experience, but not many are willing to take that step.

Blue Doors and Nose Rings free essay sample

When I was younger and I lived just a few blocks from school, I always walked there. It wasnt very far and to this day, I remember every road I took. One especially stands out in my mind. It was a long street with a strip of garages, the doors all a rusty red or brown. Except for one: it was blue. Not the shade that brings images of an infants bedroom, but a bright, dashing blue that called out to every passerby, â€Å"See me!† I did. Passing it every day made it a familiar landmark, and over time a friend. Eventually, I gave it a smile and a silent wave on my daily journey. I moved away when I was 12 and never returned. I dont know if that garage door is still blue, if anyone else waves at it anymore. What happened to its owner. I wonder what possessed him or her to paint that door blue instead of brown like the rest. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Doors and Nose Rings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wonder the same thing whenever I see someone with unearthly pink hair or extra-large tattoos. What makes people want to stand out? Some would say insecurity, that the girl with three nose rings who laughs loudly at everything is really a shaken child inside. But how would they know? Is she really? Or are they just jealous that they never had the kind of courage to be the pink-haired person? I think a part in all of us wants to paint our doors blue. To make a sixth-grader  ­wonder who you are. I know I do.

Sdlc for Food Ordering System Essay Example

Sdlc for Food Ordering System Essay Example Sdlc for Food Ordering System Paper Sdlc for Food Ordering System Paper Introduction Generally, as it was mentioned in our first assignment, we supposed to choose any organization and try to develop an accurate system for it. We chose â€Å"Taktaz Restaurant† which serves Iranian traditional foods as our target and decided to develop an â€Å"online food ordering system† for it. We use Structured Analysis Method, which is time-tested and easy to understand method, as our system developing technique. Structured Analysis uses a series of phases, called the system development life cycle (SDLC), to plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system. In the first assignment we asked to concentrate on the first two phases of SDLC, planning and analyzing. In this assignment we are going to do last three phases, which are design, implement and support. The most important parts of these three phases that we are supposed to do in this assignment are as following: a. Output and user interface design b. Data design – ER Diagram c. System architecture d. System implementation (system prototype) – specify the hardware, software and platform used. e. System support maintenance Output Design Types of output In the system design phase, we will create the actual forms, reports, documents and other types of output. During this process we must consider the format and how it will be delivered, stored and retrieved. 1. Internet-Base Information Delivery Output In our information system we used internet-base information delivery as the output type. To support our online food ordering system, we have provided user-friendly screen interfaces that display output and accept input from customers. Customers visiting the site can check available food items and their prices in our menu, then can register for online ordering. 2. Screen Report Output Our information system also provides daily reports for Taktaz manager. To be useful, a report must include the information that a user need. Our system provides daily detailed reports in two categories: i. Total amount of daily orders ii. Total number of daily orders grouped by different customers’ name The examples of our system detailed report are shown in following. Total amount of daily orders Total number of daily orders grouped by different customers’ name As you can see, our system detailed report provides total for numeric fields. It also adds tax percentage to total selling amount for giving better estimation. The report also have auto incremental control field to controls output. User Interface Design Although output design involves a separate set of physical design issues, it is a part of the user interface (UI). User interface describes how users interact with a computer system and consists of all the hardware, software, screens, menus, functions, output and features that affect two-way communications between the user and the computer. Our customers through the website will work with a varied mix of input, output and, indirectly, date queries as they perform ordering process. Because all those tasks require interaction with the computer system, the user interface is a vital element in the systems design phase. It is important to design a user interface that is easy to use, attractive and efficient. To achieve these goals we have used following rules: 1. Focusing on basic objectives According to this rule, we tried to create a simple design that is easy to learn and understand. We aimed to design a logical and attractive layout as well. 2. Building an interface that is easy to learn and use. Based on this rule, we only used images that users can understand easily, to dentify icons. We also made it easy to return to any level in our menu structure system. 3. Minimizing input data problems We provided data validation checks and event-driven message and reminders as you can see in below sample from our system screen shot. 4. Providing feedback to users According to this rule, we made all of our feedback messages specific, understandable and professional. We a lso displayed messages on top of the screen and follow consistency every time. 5. Designing an attractive layout To satisfy this rule we tried to fulfill following guidelines in layouts of our system. Use appropriate colors to highlight different areas of the screen. Use hyperlink that allows user to jump to related topics. Group related objects and information by using similarity and proximity principles of Gestalt Theory. When the user enters data that completely files the field, don’t move automatically to the next field. We asked users to confirm the entries by pressing ok icon and tab key at the end of every fill-in field. User Interface Controls We include many control features, such as: menu bar or command button text box drop-down list box Date design Basic understanding of data design concepts includes data structure and the characteristics of file processing and database system which including web-based database design, will help the system analyst to come out with good and fulfilled information system. A data structure is a framework for organizing and storing data in an information system. Typically it contains files or tables that are linked in various ways. These files or table is data all about people, places, things or events that interact with the information system. A file processing system or more known as a file-oriented system, stores and manages data in one or more separate files. While, a database system consists of linked tables that form one overall data structure which offers great flexibility and efficiency in processing data. Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of tools, features and interfaces that enable users to add, update, manage access and analyze the contents of a set of data. Data manipulation language is one of DBMS component which controls database operations, including storing, retrieving, updating and deleting data. Moreover, the complete definition of a database together with descriptions of all fields, tables and relationship, is called a schema. A subschema is a view of the database used by one or more systems or users and typically classifies only those portions of the database that a particular system or user needs or is allowed to access. Data dictionary ‘empprofile’ Table This table supposed to store information about the staff of Taktaz. If the value for â€Å"active† column of this table become ‘a’, then the proposed staff can log in as an administrator. ‘foodmnu’ Table This table stores data of available foods in the food menu. ‘order’ Table This table contains data of the ordered items. ‘userprofile’ Table This table stores information of registered customers. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is a specialized graphic that illustrates the interrelationships between entities in a database. To design a system it is necessary to uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database The entities for our system would be customers, order, bill, inventory and kitchen. The relations the attributes are shown in the following ERD diagram. Use Case Diagram Use case diagram is a type of behavioral diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The users of our system are customers, manager, kitchen staffs IT supporters. According to our systems point of view we can implement a use case diagram as given below. System Architecture System architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system. The system architecture includes seven issues which are as follow: 1. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) 2. Initial and total cost of ownership (TCO) 3. Scalability 4. Web Integration 5. Legacy system interface requirements 6. Processing options 7. Security issues The Taktaz Restaurant had no online reservation or ordering system for customers, so to have such a system, we are required to design completely a new online system (or a website). The first step was to analyze the system which the restaurant was working for. Everything in Taktaz, buying the ingredients , preparation ,ordering and delivery process, was done manually. We needed to have the owner’s idea about the old system and the expectation of the new system. By knowing a clear idea of the future system, we started to design an online food ordering system that fulfilled the restaurant requirement and expectations. Developing a new system has its own cost and we, as designer should have deal with it. The desire system and design must be cost-effective to the owner and also to us to design, operate and perform the system. Also the maintenance cost should be noticed in the designing stage. The new system should be flexible enough so that the users (restaurant’s owner and staff) can easily work with it and if needed, make some changes in it, expand, change or even downsize to meet the changing needs of the business. We tried to consider all of the above mentioned issues in the designing the system. However, some of them needed and took much more time than the others. For instance, to perform scalability or the last mentioned issue, we must interview with the owner and staff of the restaurant to get their idea and expectation of the oncoming system and then, we could interpolate those ideas to the system. As a designer, we should consider many more issues in the developing of the system. First of all, we should notice how user friendly the website will be. In a project, especially in online ordering, it is extremely important that how user deal with the website, whether the user can use and access the different section of the website in the first attempts or not. It was one of our main concerns. The administrator section also was one of our concerns. This section, which is the management section, must be designed in a way that the manager (or website controller) can easily work and modify the system. The website should be as simple as possible so that the first time users can easily understand how to work with it. Also it must be as easy to use as possible for administrator to manage the ordering website. We should design a system with a minimum number of errors. To achieve it, we should first accurately analyze the requirements and expectations of the restaurant’s owner and after gathering all different information, and then we start to design a website. Designing of the website needed to be looked from two perspectives: as administrator and as customer. Obviously a website with many errors is not a comfortable website for neither of both users. From the password protection to billing the order, security threats and defenses were a major concern to us. As analysts and designers, we should consider and determine how the business (restaurant) will deal with the security threats. Users (usually customers), they put their personal information and details in the system. So they must do it trustfully and have no doubt about the security of the system. Our System Architecture Diagram is coming in below. System Architecture Diagram System Implementation Prototyping produces an early, rapidly constructed working version of the proposed information system. Prototyping, which involves a repetitive sequence of analysis, design, modeling and testing is a common technique that we used to design our system. Our system is being run on windows as its Platform. In addition, since it is based on the internet connections, the Network Card must be installed and used. A KEY must be defined and generated for security purposes and boot strap to prevent entering any unauthorized parties and any viruses and worms. We used PHP and our IDE is Dreamviwer. For our database we use MySQL. System Support Maintenance System support maintenance is the modification of the system. We have to correct faults, improve system’s performance and adapt the system to environment and requirements changes. The objective of our maintenance is to keep our system always running at an acceptable level. Corrective maintenance diagnoses and corrects errors operational levels. In this type of maintenance we will try to correct Design errors, Coding errors and Logic errors. Applying the Corrective maintenance can be helpful to avoid probable bugs and to fix logic errors. . In our project, which is Online Food Ordering System, the first step of support maintenance is to ensure that the issues related to programming and coding are correctly run. Debugging and troubleshooting can be the second step. The coding is the most important part to check especially when you are dealing with financial issues related to ordering. Therefore, we must be sure about the correctness of all functions and modules in our coding and proper connection with database to store and retrieve data. In addition to the software hard ware must also be checked regularly. Adaptive maintenance adds enhancements to an operational system and makes the system easier to use. Adaptive maintenance entails changes related to our applications operating environment. These modifications cam consist of Incorporating new operating systems, Hardware configuration changes, Regulations Localizations alterations and Changes in data format. As our system goes on we need to enhance our system with new features, capability and functions in response to new technology. Adaptive maintenance in our system is related to update new features. For example, adding new meals or recipes to the current menu, can ensure the capability of our system. Also when we need to upgrade or add new functions to the system we need to apply the adaptive maintenance. Perfective maintenance involves changing an operational system to make it more efficient, reliable or maintainable. Perfective maintenance can improve maintainability and performance. It involves computer programmers who work to improve the way software program functions or how quickly it processes requests. For example to change our menu layouts, command interfaces for some functions or changing the number of daily orders. The other maintenance type which is useful for our system is preventative maintenance. In this kind of maintenance we try to predict and avoid probable problems before occurring . For example, to ensure that our system is scalable to have more customers in the future, we must check if our system is able to handle high data loading and other stressful operations without problem or we need to limit the number of daily orders to avoid problems. Installing antivirus software to protect our system from attacks, having a regular backup schedule to use it when something wrong goes with the system, are also examples of preventative maintenance that we can apply simply for our system. Appendix Perform research on the Internet to learn more about Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and develop a TCO checklist that includes the five most important elements of TCO. Relate your answers to your Assignment 2. (Please put this analysis as appendices in Assignment 2 report). Total cost of ownership (TCO) generally includes ongoing support and maintenance costs, as well as acquisition costs. TCO totally formed from two different types of cost, which are Direct and indirect costs. Direct costs can be measured in dollars. These costs result from a decrease in expenses, an increase in revenues or both. If we want to list the most important elements of direct costs for an information system, the list would be as following: 1. Hardware and software (capital and lease expenses) In our project, because we do it in-house and we didn’t pay for hardware or software, this part didn’t add any cost to our TCO. 2. Support ( maintenance, training, travel etc) In this project, our group members have done all SDLC phases based on their knowledge gain from SAD course and have used their background knowledge for programming parts. Therefore, we didn’t pay for training. But, there are some costs for transportation and traveling to and from Taktaz restaurant which is placed in Serdang. 3. Development Because we did the whole project in-house with our group members, we didn’t pay any extra fees for labors or out-sourcing. 4. Communication fees The biggest part of our project costs, was communication fees which we paid to contact our group members in each phase of SDLC. Indirect costs are difficult to measure in dollars but are important and need to consider as a part of TCO. The most important indirect costs in our project are indicating in below. 1. User time User time cost is the cost of users supporting themselves and each other instead of out-sourcing costs. Costs for user formal training, casual learning, and self-studies are included in user time cost. We needed to learn some issues mostly related to programming part by ourselves during the project. 2. Opportunity cost The highest valued alternative that we need to forego when we are doing our project is part of opportunity cost or downtime cost . lost wages can be a measurement for this kind of costs.